提起扇面自然免不了要联想起扇子，才子佳人，手持摇扇，风度翩翩。在中国历史上，历代书画家都喜欢在扇面上绘画或书写以抒情达意，或为他人收藏或赠友人以诗留念。存字和画的扇子，保持原样的叫成扇，为便于收藏而装裱成册页的习称扇面。

所以所谓扇面，其实是约定成俗的一种习惯叫法。

 。扇面画同样拥有着悠久的历史，文献记载，以东晋王羲之书老媪扇这脍炙人口的故事为先。史载王羲之曾在团扇上画小人物；其子王献之的《为桓温书并画乌牸驳牛扇》。

到了宋代，随着绘画艺术的蓬勃发展，特别是山水画、花鸟画在唐末、五代基础上得到空前的提高。文人与绘画的关系越来越密切，形成了文人画创作高潮。加上皇帝对扇面艺术的重视，书画扇面相应得到飞速发展，臻于顶峰。《书继》中载：“政和间，徽宗每有画扇，则六宫诸邸竞皆临仿一样，或至数百本。”两宋盛极一时的画扇，创作了大批不朽之作，流传至今为我们饱览了两宋绘画的高尚艺术。小至花鸟画中的野草闲花，昆虫禽鱼，都运以精心，出以妙笔。

在宋、元时代，团扇画广为流行。明代以后，折扇画渐执牛耳。

当代画家高贺琪、魏剑峰的团扇、折扇艺术颇高，是继宋元时期巅峰艺术的绪余，代表作藏品扇面作品《韵》、《兰》、《高士幽居》 等。

 分类依据

从形制上分，又有圆形叫团扇（纨扇）和折叠式的叫折扇。从材质上分，又可分为纸质扇面、绢质扇面、竹木质扇面和其他材质扇面（如现代工艺的24K纯金扇面等等）。

折扇面

折扇一名“折叠扇”，又名“聚头扇”。折扇收则折叠，用则撒开，故又称“撒扇”。折扇产生时间虽较迟，其重要性却极大。它携带方便，出入怀袖，扇面书画、扇骨雕琢，是文人雅士的宠物，所以又有“怀袖雅物”的别号。

明代是折扇流行的开始，清代是折扇大发展的时期，折扇扇面少数用绢，多数用纸裱糊，便于书画创作；

团扇面

团扇又称“纨扇”“宫扇”，因形似圆月，且宫中多用之，故称。团扇边框及柄以竹制，扇面用洁白的丝娟，上画山水楼台、草虫花鸟等。早期多为圆形，后乃有长圆、扁圆、梅花、葵花、海棠等样式。多为唐代女性随身佩带，精巧雅致具有很高的美学欣赏价值。自汉代至北宋是纨扇，扇的盛行时期。四川及苏、杭的纨扇，制作最精、历史也最悠久。

 折扇的扇面上宽下窄，呈扇形。画家在命笔之时必须考虑在这种特定的空间范围中安排画面，精思巧构，展示技法。只有这样，才能够匠心独具，笔随意转，化有限为无限，创造出富有魅力的形象和意境。巧妙的构图，使扇面展开时不觉得是画在半环形式的扇面上，感觉如同画在一张平整的长方形的横幅上一样。扇面的书画更能反映每位书画家的艺术真谛。

折扇面先以材料取扇形，在中间折一印，然后，按扇匹宽度及形状，从中间分别折之。折毕，剪齐两头，正面朝下覆于案上平开刷糊，每隔一折印中间粘一小纸条，再合一纸或绫绢，挣壁，干后按原印折起，刺齐两头，套边便可。

扇面虽然尺幅不大，但由于其特殊的形制，再加上纸的质地非常厚实，是由多层薄宣粘合而成的，并且有折痕。有的材料，比如说色纸、金笺、发笺等，它们的落墨设色性都很难掌握，一般的书画家不敢随意渲染。明代书法家祝允明，曾经把在扇面上作画比做美女在瓦砾上跳舞。所以书画家扇面的润格往往不以尺幅的大小计算，而是单独计价。价格远高于同尺寸的册页。扇面给人一种视觉上的延伸感，特别是山水画，往往咫尺千里、小中见大。画家在构图布局时必须成竹在胸。所以是一种独具一格的书画形式。

这里专指折扇扇面，它是一种特殊的形式。由于扇面上宽下窄的形状，使得折纹与拆纹之间也是上宽下窄。这种独特的样式，就要求我们在创作时，做出恰当地安排。

扇面常见的形式有三种。

(1)充分利用上端，下端不用。这种格式以每行写两字为宜，从右至左，依次安排。落款写在正文的左侧。款宜长些，款字写一行至数行不等，印章宜小于正文。

(2)写少数字，利用扇面的宽度由右向左，横排书写二至四字，要收放有度，落款可写数行小字，与正文相映成趣。

(3)上端依次书写，下端隔行书写，形成长短错落的格局。这样则可避免上端疏朗，而下端拥挤的情形，达到通篇的和谐。这种格式，先写长行，以五字左右为宜，短行以一、二字为宜。落款要精彩，一般写在正文后面，一行或数行均可。即章宜小于落款的字。

 As the name implies, a fan is a surface of the shape of a fan. Geometrically, it is defined as a fan: an arc and the two radii at the two ends of the arc surround the figure called a fan, then is the fan a fan? Not really.

Now refers to a form of painting and calligraphy, divided into folding fan and group fan.

It's natural to associate fan with talented people and beautiful ladies, shaking fan in hand and elegant demeanor when mentioning fan face. In Chinese history, painters and calligraphers of all dynasties liked to paint or write on fans to express their feelings, or to collect poems for others or to give friends poems as souvenirs. The fan that saves words and paintings is called a fan as it is, and is used to mount album pages for easy collection.

So the so-called sector is actually a customary term.

Chinese fan culture has profound cultural connotations and is an integral part of national culture. It has always been known as the "Kingdom of Fan Making" in China. Fan paintings also have a long history. Documentation records take the famous story of the old fan in Wang Xizhi's book of the Eastern Jin Dynasty as the first. Historically, Wang Xizhi once painted small figures on the Tuan fan, and his son Wang Xianzhi's "Painting Wuxu Bull Fan for Huanwen Books".

In the Song Dynasty, with the vigorous development of painting art, especially landscape painting, flower and bird painting in the late Tang Dynasty, Five Dynasties on the basis of unprecedented improvement. The relationship between literati and painting has become more and more close, forming the climax of literati painting creation. With the emperor's attention to fan art, the fan art of calligraphy and painting developed rapidly and reached its peak. "Shuji" contains: "In Zhenghe, Huizong's paintings are imitated by all the residences of the Six Palaces, or hundreds of copies." The painting fans of the two Song Dynasty, which were very prosperous for a time, created a large number of immortal works, which have been handed down to this day to enjoy the noble art of the painting of the two Song Dynasty. As small as the weeds and flowers, insects, birds and fish in flower and bird paintings, they all use elaborate and ingenious brushwork. In the Song and Yuan Dynasties, group fan paintings were widely popular. Folding fan paintings became more and more popular after the Ming Dynasty.

Contemporary painters Gao Heqi, Wei Jianfeng's group fan and folding fan art are quite high. They are the Xuyu of the peak art in Song and Yuan Dynasty. They represent collections of fan works such as Yun, Lan and Gaoshi's Secret House.

In terms of shape and structure, there are round fans called Tuan fans and folding fans called folding fans. From the material point of view, it can also be divided into paper sector, silk sector, bamboo and wood sector and other material sector (such as 24K pure gold sector of modern technology, etc.).

Folding fan is a "folding fan", also known as "gathering head fan". Folding fan is folded when it is closed and spread when it is used, so it is also called "spreading fan". Folding fans are of great importance although they are produced late. It is a pet of literati and refined scholars, so it has the nickname "Huaixiu refined objects".

Ming Dynasty is the beginning of folding fan popularity, Qing Dynasty is a period of great development of folding fan, folding fan face a few silk, most paper paste, easy to create calligraphy and painting.

Tuan Fan is also called "Fan of Qi" and "Fan of Palace", because it resembles the full moon and is commonly used in the palace, so it is called. The frame and handle of the round fan are made of bamboo, and the fan surface is made of pure silky, white silk, and painted with landscapes, terraces, grass, insects, flowers and birds. In the early stage, they were mostly round, but later they were round, flat, plum, sunflower and crabapple. Most of them were worn by women in the Tang Dynasty, which was exquisite and elegant and had high aesthetic appreciation value. From Han Dynasty to Northern Song Dynasty, fan was in vogue. Fans made in Sichuan, Jiangsu and Hangzhou have the best production and the longest history.

The fan face of folding fan is wide and narrow, and it is fan-shaped. Painters must consider arranging pictures, delicately conceiving and displaying techniques in this particular space range when they are writing. Only in this way can we create a charming image and artistic conception by turning the pen into infinite at will. Skillful composition, so that when the fan surface unfolds, it does not feel that it is painted on the half-ring fan surface, it feels as if it is painted on a flat rectangular banner. Fan paintings and calligraphy can better reflect the artistic essence of each painter and calligrapher.

Folding the fan surface first takes the fan shape with the material, folds a print in the middle, then, according to the width and shape of the fan, folds separately from the middle. Fold it up, cut both ends, cover it face down on the case flat and brush paste, stick a small piece of paper in the middle of every other folding, then combine a piece of paper or silk, make a wall, fold it up according to the original print after drying, stab both ends together, then set the edge.

Although the size of the fan is not large, due to its special shape, coupled with the very thick texture of paper, it is made of multi-layer thin Xuan bonding, and there are creases. Some materials, such as colour paper, gold letterhead, hair letterhead, etc., are difficult to grasp, and the general calligraphers and painters dare not render at will. Zhu Yunming, a calligrapher in the Ming Dynasty, once compared painting on a fan to dancing on rubble as a beautiful woman. Therefore, the Runge of a painter's fan is often not calculated by the size of the scale, but is calculated separately. The price is much higher than that of pages of the same size. Fans give people a sense of visual extension, especially landscape paintings, often within a thousand miles, small and medium to see big. Painters must be thorough in their composition and layout. So it is a unique form of painting and calligraphy.

Here it refers to folding fan, which is a special form. Because of the wide and narrow shape on the fan surface, the upper width and the lower narrow between the fold and the disassembly are also made. This unique style requires us to make appropriate arrangements when creating.

There are three common forms of sector.

(1) Make full use of the upper end, not the lower end. This format should be written in two words per line, from right to left, arranged in turn. The money is written on the left side of the text. It should be longer, one line to several lines, and the seal should be smaller than the text.

(2) Write a few words, using the width of the sector from right to left, writing two to four words in horizontal rows, to receive a degree, write a few lines of small characters, and the text is interesting.

(3) The upper end writes in turn, while the lower end writes in separate lines, forming a pattern of scattered lengths. In this way, we can avoid the situation that the upper end is sparse and the lower end is crowded, so as to achieve the harmony of the whole article. In this format, long lines should be written first, and about five words should be used, while short lines should be written in one or two words. Payments should be brilliant, usually written at the back of the text, one line or several lines can be. Namely, the chapter should be smaller than the words in the paragraph.